RESPIRATION
• Uptake of oxygen by all cells for energy production
• Formation of carbon dioxide and water as waste products
• Exchange of these gases occurs between:
o the alveoli of lungs and blood capillaries – external respiration
o blood capillaries and all cell walls – internal respiration
ANATOMY
• Nasal passages
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
• Pleura
• Diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
GASEOUS EXCHANGE
• Occurs due to diffusion = Transfer of gases from area of high to low pressure/concentration
• O2 moves out of alveoli in to blood capillaries
• CO2 moves in opposite direction
BREATHING
Inspiration
• Intercostal muscles contract. Ribs move up and out
• Diaphragm contracts and flattens. Lungs pulled downwards
• Chest Cavity enlarges – so pressure inside chest is lowered and air is sucked in
Expiration
• Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
• Chest cavity decreases in size – so pressure inside chest is increased and air is forced out
Control
• Normal rate about 16 x minute
• Controlled by chemo receptors in aorta and carotid arteries which monitor levels of gases in blood and send information back to brain
• Amount of lung expansion and muscle activity are also monitored by the brain
nose / nasal cavity Warms , moistens and filters air as it is inhaled
pharynx Passageway for air, leads to the trachea
larynx The vocal cords are located here
trachea Tube from pharynx to bronchi. Rings of cartilage provide structure
bronchi Two branches at the end of trachea
bronchioles A network of small branches leading from bronchi into lung tissue
alveoli Functional units in lungs where gases are exchanged
pleura Serous membrane covering lungs and
attached to ribcage and diaphragm
diaphragm Muscle which helps in breathing
"I think your system is fantastic, and is so much easier than being in class, mainly because it's possible to pause, take your time, and re watch. I find the tutor extremely engaging, more so than just reading typed words on a page. The system that I have watched has helped me recognise areas of weakness, and affirm areas of knowledge."
- Carrie Mitchell -
GM Tree Training Ltd
5 Clumber Drive
Frome
Somerset BA11 2LG
United Kingdom
T: +44 (0)203 553 1060
© 2021 GM Tree Training Ltd, All rights reserved