Bones

Published on 29th March 2018

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

Long Bones – greater dimension in one direction

Short Bones – same dimension in all directions

Flat Bones – sandwich of compact/cancellous/compact bone

Irregular Bones – do not fit above definitions

Sesamoid Bones – held inside tendons. Protective function

BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Like skin, bone replaces itself throughout adult life. When old bone tissue is replaced by new bones tissue this is called remodeling. In long bones, new bone is formed externally and the diameter of the bone increases

Bone growth and development depend on:

Sufficient quantities of calcium and phosphorus (makes bones hard)
Vitamin D (for the absorption of calcium from the diet)
Vitamin C (to help maintain the matrix of bone)
Vitamin A (to help regulate the number of osteoblasts)
Perhaps Vitamin B12
The right hormones

KNOW YOUR BONES

CRANIUM UPPER LIMB

Parietal Humerus

Frontal Ulna

Ethmoid Radius

Sphenoid Carpals: Scaphoid

Occipital Lunate

Temporal Triquetral

Pisiform

FACIAL Trapezium

Nasal Trapezoid

Zygomatic Capitate

Maxilla Hamate

Lacrimal Metacarpals (5) x2

Turbinator Phalanges - Hand (14) x28

Palatine

Mandible LOWER LIMB

Vomer Femur

Hyoid Tibia

Fibula

VERTEBRAE Tarsals: Cuneiforms

Cervical (7) (medial, intermediate, lateral)

Thoracic (12) Navicular

Lumbar (5) Cuboid

Sacrum (5) Talus

Coccyx (4) Calcaneus

Metatarsals (5) x5

Phalanges - Foot (14) x2

SHOULDER GIRDLE Patella

Scapula

Clavicle

THORAX

Sternum

Ribs (12 pairs)

PELVIC GIRDLE

Innominate bones: Ischium

Ilium

Pubis

JOINT MOVEMENTS

Flexion / Extension
Abduction / Adduction
Medial rotation / Lateral rotation
Pronation / Supination
Elevation / Depression
Retraction / Protraction
Side flexion
Rotation
Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion
Eversion / Inversion
Accessory movements
Circumduction
Opposition
Hyperextension

Some specific joints also have special movements exclusive to them:

·Spine - Lateral flexion

Scapula and jaw - Protraction / retraction

elevation / depression

Forearm / wrist - Pronation / supination

radial deviation / ulnar deviation

·Thumbs - Opposition

JOINTS

3 types:

FIXED (Fibrous) – held together by fibrous ligament. No movement
SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE (Cartilaginous) - cartilage pad between bone ends. Some movement
FREELY MOVEABLE – wide range of movement. Also known as synovial joints
SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Freely moveable

Ends of bones covered with cartilage
Joint surrounded by synovial membrane
Joint space filled with synovial fluid. This is secreted by synovial membrane and has the consistency of egg white. It provides nutrients to the cartilage and lubrication for joint
Capsular ligament forms a sleeve of dense fibrous tissue around the joint
Bursae found between muscle tendons and ligaments are small pouches of synovial membrane. Protective function.

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